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Reflections on the system of evaluation of gene-edited livestock

Ziyao FAN, Tianwen WU, Kui WU, Yulian MU, Kui LI

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 211-217 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019303

摘要：

The rapid development of biotechnology has provided a greater understanding of the biological functions of major candidate genes that have important functions regarding economic traits, and new materials for livestock breeding have been obtained through gene editing (GE) and embryo manipulation with the purpose of improving quality and output and reducing the costs and risk of disease. Public concerns, particularly over safety risks and production performance, must be addressed. Evaluation is the most important component of the regulation of gene-edited livestock and is a crucial guarantee of public safety before the marketing of gene-edited animal products. Here, the system of evaluation of gene-edited livestock is discussed in terms of public safety and production performance. The search for safe and ethical applications in the GE of livestock, a case-by-case evaluation strategy, and classification and simplification are used in order to promote a more efficient, objective, comprehensive and operable evaluation system.

关键词： evaluation gene editing livestock performance safety

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Gene-editing in plants no longer requires tissue culture

Yi ZHANG, Michael PALMGREN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 229-230 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020330

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基因编辑技术在农业种质资源上的应用

韩红兵,谢卡斌,曹罡,田见晖,王栋

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第6期页码 82-86 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.06.013

摘要：

基因编辑是对生物基因组的特定位点进行精准操作，以实现DNA片段定点删除、插入或者单碱基突变的技术。该技术突破了传统农业育种性状改良的瓶颈，能够创制出多种动植物全新种质。尤其是其中的CRISPR/Cas9技术，以其操作简便、高效率、多靶标、通用性等优势成为当前主流的应用技术，将给农业种业带来革命。为抢占未来种业种质创新和育种制高点，我国应采取积极应对措施，努力提高此技术的效率与精准性，积极制定相应的法律、法规。

关键词：基因编辑农业育种种业种质创新

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A PLATFORM TO AID SELECT THE OPTIMAL TOOL TO DESIGN GUIDE RNAS

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》页码 296-305 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2022479

摘要：

● Summaries on sgRNAs design.

关键词： CRISPR/Cas Aid-TG gene editing sgRNA design web server

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Advances in genetic engineering of domestic animals

Shaohua WANG,Kun ZHANG,Yunping DAI

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第1期页码 1-10 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2016085

摘要： Global population will increase to over nine billion by 2050 with the doubling in demand for meat and milk. To overcome this challenge, it is necessary to breed highly efficient and productive livestock. Furthermore, livestock are also excellent models for human diseases and ideal bioreactors to produce pharmaceutical proteins. Thus, genetic engineering of domestic animals presents a critical and valuable tool to address these agricultural and biomedical applications. Overall, genetic engineering has evolved through three stages in history: transgenesis, gene targeting, and gene editing. Since the birth of the first transgenic pig, genetic engineering in livestock has been advancing slowly due to inherent technical limitations. A major breakthrough has been the advent of somatic cell nuclear transfer, which, for the first time, provided the technical ability to produce site-specific genome-modified domestic animals. However, the low efficiency of gene targeting events in somatic cells prohibits its wide use in agricultural and biomedical applications. Recently, rapid progress in tools and methods of genome engineering has been made, allowing genetic editing from mutation of a single base pair to the deletion of entire chromosomes. Here, we review the major advances of genetic engineering in domestic animals with emphasis placed on the introduction of latest designer nucleases.

关键词： CRISPR TALEN ZFN gene editing livestock pig cattle

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Highlights of special issue “Genome Editing in Agriculture: Technology, Applications and Regulations”

Yaofeng ZHAO, Caixia GAO, Sen WU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 121-122 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019317

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医学科技颠覆性技术展望

李永洁,杨俊涛,杜建

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第6期页码 64-68 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.06.010

摘要：

随着医学与现代信息技术、材料科技等技术的深度交叉融合，极大地促进了医学科技的发展，疾病诊断和治疗模式发生革命性的变化。本文主要从医学领域的肿瘤免疫治疗、基因编辑技术、医学人工智能、合成生物学技术和干细胞与转化医学五个技术方向，分析评价其发展态势；结合文献、智库报告和专家观点，对医学科技发展方向进行初探，提出重视医学基础研究投入、优化医学科技战略顶层设计、完善政策及监管体系等政策建议。

关键词：医学科技颠覆性技术肿瘤免疫治疗基因编辑

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Base editing in pigs for precision breeding

Ruigao SONG, Yu WANG, Yanfang WANG, Jianguo ZHAO

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 161-170 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019308

摘要：

Pigs are one of the most important domesticated animals and have great value in agriculture and biomedicine. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are a dominant type of genetic variation among individual pigs and contribute to the formation of traits. Precision single base substitution provides a strategy for accurate genetic improvement in pig production with the characterization of functional SNPs and genetic variants in pigs. Base editing has recently been developed as the latest gene-editing tool that can directly make changes in single nucleotides without introducing double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), providing a promising solution for precise genetic modification in large animals. This review summarizes gene-editing developments and highlights recent genetic dissection related to SNPs in major economic traits which may have the potential to be modified using SNP-editing applications. In addition, limitations and future directions of base editing in pig breeding are discussed.

关键词： base editing genetic improvement pigs single nucleotide polymorphisms

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Base editing technology

Yidi SUN, Erwei ZUO, Hui YANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 227-228 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020321

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Search-and-replace editing of genetic information

Yao LIU, Xingxu HUANG, Xiaolong WANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 231-232 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020322

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Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Zachariah MCLEAN, Björn OBACK, Götz LAIBLE

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 148-160 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019305

摘要：

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.

关键词： animal breeding cattle cloning CRISPR/Cas9 cytoplasmic injection embryo genome editing germline chimaeras HDR livestock improvement TALENs

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Developments in genetic modification of cattle and implications for regulation, safety and traceability

Jan Pieter VAN DER BERG, Gijs A. KLETER, Evy BATTAGLIA, Martien A. M. GROENEN, Esther J. KOK

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 136-147 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019306

摘要：

Genetic modification techniques, in particular novel gene editing technologies, hold the yet unfulfilled promise of altering genetic traits in farm animals more efficiently than by crossbreeding, allowing for a more rapid development of new cattle breeds with distinct traits. Gene editing technologies allow for the directed alteration of specific traits and thereby have the potential to enhance, for instance, disease resilience, production yield and the production of desired substances in milk. The potential implications of these technological advancements, which are often combined with animal cloning methods, are discussed both for animal health and for consumer safety, also with consideration of available methods for the detection and identification of the related products in the food supply chain. Finally, an overview is provided of current regulatory approaches in the European Union (EU) and major countries exporting beef to the EU, for products from animals bred through established practices as well as modern biotechnologies.

关键词： cattle food safety gene editing genetic modification GMO detection regulation

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A brief review of genome editing technology for generating animal models

Haoyi WANG, Sen WU, Mario R. CAPECCHI, Rudolf JAENISCH

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 123-128 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019309

摘要：

The recent development of genome editing technologies has given researchers unprecedented power to alter DNA sequences at chosen genomic loci, thereby generating various genetically edited animal models. This mini-review briefly summarizes the development of major genome editing tools, focusing on the application of these tools to generate animal models in multiple species.

关键词： animal model CRISPR genome editing TALEN ZFN

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The development and application of genome editing technology in ruminants: a review

Mengke YUAN, Yuanpeng GAO, Jing HAN, Teng WU, Jingcheng ZHANG, Yongke WEI, Yong ZHANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 171-180 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019302

摘要：

Transgenic ruminants are a valuable resource for both animal breeding and biomedical research. The development of transgenic breeding is proceeding slowly, because it suffers from low efficiency of gene transfer and possible safety problems from uncontrolled random integration. However, new breeding methods combined with genome editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer or microinjection can offer an economic and efficient way to produce gene-edited ruminants, which can serve as bioreactors or have improved disease resistance, animal welfare and product quality. Recent advances in precise genome editing technologies, especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 nucleases, are enabling the systematic development of gene-edited ruminant production. This review covers the development of gene-edited ruminants, the particulars of site-specific engineered nucleases and the state of the art and new insights into practical applications and social acceptance of genome editing technology in ruminants. It is concluded that the production of gene-edited ruminants is feasible and through improvements in genome editing technology it is possible to help feed the world.

关键词： bioreactors breeding engineered endonucleases genome editing ruminants